Beverage Service Training Program for Servers

Beverage Service Training Program for Servers Introduction Beverage service industry is typically defined as a part of the hospitality industry. The training program coaches the servers to welcome customers, take drink orders, and serve drinks in a competent manner. The graceful behavior of beverage servers is extremely valuable because they are the frontline representatives of the restaurant/ hotel. Although, no hard core education or training is necessary for this industry, yet the development of a planned training module is essential.The basic etiquettes, which are essential for this industry, can be imbibed by various training approaches (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Training Methods In the beverage serving industry, customer is the central focus. Therefore, it is vital to serve him in the best possible manner. In this whole act, server is the crucial element of dining service, so that there is implementation of diverse training modules. There is a bifurcation of training modules in t wo categories: Off-the-job and On-the-job training modulesOff-the-job Training: This training module entails classroom training. This training requires extra devotion from the server in gaining training. Different types of training methods in this module are: Classroom Lectures: This training includes lecture delivery on topics related to curriculum of the training module. It is beneficial because the instructor provides first-hand information to the servers and servers get proper guideline to follow. The instructor will provide information to serve glass or place the tray. Also read  Modules 9 & 10One more benefit of this technique is that, in case of any mystification, the server can ask immediately (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Role Plays: It is the most widely used training method, as it inculcates the grounding of real time situations. In this, the server experiences different hypothetical situations and prepares himself to react in the most efficient manner (Danziger, and Dunkle, 2005) On-the-job training, module: This training method is most appropriate for this industry. The different techniques, applied in this field, are: Coaching: It engrosses one-to-one interaction.In this, the server gets assignation of a senior person, and the person communicates the plan to the server. The basic utility of this method is that it provides a prospect, with which a server gets instant feedback for his performance (Parpal, 2012). Apprenticeship Training: This training module enables the server to experience actual working performance. This training also provides the server with suggesting some novel ideas of serving the drinks, new wine combinations, and many more (Danziger and Dunkle, 2005).Training Objectives The training objectives, in beverage serving training, are mostly not quantitative but qualitative. Some of the training objectives are as follows: 1. To Impart Effective Communication Skills: The communication skills are hugely prominent in the service industry, as it will persuade the customers to buy that product. The perfect explanation of the menu is a prerequisite in this industry. 2. To Instill Serving Skills: The manner of placing the glass on the table is extremely crucial.While serving the customers, it is essential to focus over the table, as placing glasses over the table will require caution and proper arrangement of plates and glasses (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 3. Proper Dressing Style: In the hospitality sector, it is essential to have proper dressing style. The personal hygiene is a noteworthy factor, as the dirty o r clumsy appearance will impart a false impression on the customers (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 4. Building Right Attitude: The right attitude involves the empathetic behavior of servers towards customers.The feeling of helping customers with a smile is particularly influential in service oriented sector. Building right responsive behavior, concerning customers is the main motive of this object (Arduser, and Brown, 2005). 5. Attentiveness: It refers to cautious behavior regarding customers’ desires. A decent server will be vigilant enough to recognize the requirements of customers; like, when a customer’s glass is empty, the server immediately needs to ask if the customer needs other peg for drink. It is terribly hard during night shifts and long working hours (Arduser, and Brown, 2005).Measurement of Training Success To calculate the success of training, various methods are employed: 1. Regular Assessment: This method is highly functional for the measurement of succes s of training modules. The learning time consumed in gaining expertise in the operations, like handling bottles, opening the cork of the bottle and displaying controlled hand gestures are measured by this method (Parpal, 2012). 2. Observations: The behaviors with customers and dressing style are measured by keen observation.The courteous behavior is measured by ardent supervision. Moreover, the supervisor keeps an intense vision on the behavior of the server during night hours. During night hours, the chance of misbehaving with customers is comparatively high. 3. Customer Satisfaction Survey: This method is the finest among all the evaluation tools. Customers provide the genuine results for the performance of any beverage server. It will require a set of questions, which may offer correct measurement of performance (Parpal, 2012).Various other parameters are also taken into consideration for the performance measurement of servers, for example, attendance during lectures, dedication to learning more and evaluation of daily feedbacks. All these data will then be evaluated to calculate the overall success of the training program. In the end, the customer revisit will also be a symbol of success of training schedule (Hickey and Cichy, 2011) Work Cited Arduser, Lora and Brown, Robert D. The Waiter & Waitress and Waitstaff Training Handbook: A Complete Guide to the Proper Steps in Service for Food & Beverage Employees.Atlantic Publishing Company, 2005 Danziger, James and Dunkle, Debora. Methods of Training in the Workplace. Web. 10 October 2012. < http://www. crito. uci. edu/papers/2005/DanzigerDunkle. pdf> Hickey, Philip J. and Cichy, Richard. Managing Service in Food and Beverage Operations. Educational Inst of the Amer Hotel (3rd ed. ). 2011 Parpal, Monica. Restaurant Server Training Guidelines. Restaurant Equipment and Supplies. Web. 10 October 2012.

Military of Ancient Egypt: Warfare

Egypt’s military holds as much interest and rich history as other studies of the ancient era. The world’s first armies are known for the invention and spread of agriculture coupled with the domestication of animals in the fifth millennium, of which set the stage for the emergence of the first large-scale, complex urban societies around 4000 B. C. (Gabriel & Metz, 1991). Within five hundred years, the stone tools and weapons used by the ancient Egyptian military evolved to bronze of which its manufacture marked a warfare revolution. Birth of warfare was possible as Egyptian societies emerged in complexity and with fully articulated social structures that provided stability and legitimacy to new social roles and behaviors. Ancient Egyptian urban societies experienced a revolution in social structures that rested upon the new economic base and was most important to the emergence of war. Gabriel & Metz (1991) credit the conduct of war as a legitimate social function supported by an extensive institutional infrastructure, noted by the authors as a â€Å"mechanism of cultural development† (p. 3). Warfare was an indispensable function of the social order in ancient Egypt in order for people were to survive the predatory behavior of others. During the fourth millennium in Egypt, a range of social, political, economic, psychological, and military technologies emerged. The purpose of the emergence was to make the conduct of war a normal part of social existence. Egypt evolved from a state in which warfare was rare and typically ritualistic to one in which death and destruction were achieved on a modern scale. During this same period, warfare assumed great proportions in the size of the armies involved, the administrative mechanisms needed to sustain them, the development of weapons, the frequency of occurrence, and the scope of destruction achievable by military force (Gabriel & Metz, 1991). This marked the fully emergence of the one of the world’s first armies. According to studies by Dollinger (2000), the use of bronze weapons (referenced earlier) is believed to have originated during the Middle Kingdom. Dollinger believes â€Å"bronze Middle Kingdom arrowheads may have been imported from the Middle East† and further explains the production and manufacture of bronze in Egypt â€Å"became common only in the time of the 18th dynasty† (para 1). Egypt’s dependence on other areas for production and import of weapons put it at a disadvantage compared to the rising empires of the east during the first millennium BCE. Furthermore, Dollinger asserts that copper and bronze casting and hammering may have been developed by the Egyptians themselves (para 2). The production and manufacture of weapons was handled in armories where the complete weaponry was also stored. â€Å"When his majesty took action against the Asiatic sand-dwellers, his majesty made an army of many tens of thousands from all of Upper Egypt: †¦; from Lower Egypt: †¦; and from Irtjet-Nubians, Medja-Nubians, Yam-Nubians, Wawat-Nubians, Kaau-Nubians; and from Tjemeh-land.† (The Autobiography of Weni; Lichtheim M, Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol.1, p. 19) Prior to the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, the majority of all conflicts the Egyptians fought had been civil wars (Dollginer, 2000; Schulman, 1964). The armies, predominately handled via draft led by noblemen, were comprised peasants and artisans. It was during the period of the Old Kingdom that foreigners were incorporated into the army. Historians, including Dollinger (2000), believe the Egyptians may have signed contracts with foreign potentates to insure the supply of mercenaries. As the Egyptian army evolved, old traditions became obsolete, making it easier for advancement. In fact, many army commanders reached kingship. Such notable kings include Horemheb and Ramses I (XIX Dynasty). Many of the new kings â€Å"surrounded themselves with former soldiers whose loyalty and self-sacrifice they had experienced† (Dollinger, 2000). One soldier was Didu, a professional soldier appointed to the post of responsible for the deserts east of Thebes. He later became representative to foreign countries, â€Å"standard bearer† (leader) of the king’s guard, captain of the ship Meri-amen, and commander of the police force (2000). As time progressed, finding capable soldiers became almost impossible. Empires expanded, making the need even greater. It was during this time that the Egyptians began to enlist prisoners of war into their army (e.g. Sherden, captured during the incursions of the Sea Peoples) (Dollginer, 2000; Schulman, 1964). During the late period in ancient Egypt, foreign commanders, even those of a different ethnic group, frequently led mercenary troops. However, foreigner’s allegiance was often far from what the Egypt army needed. Dollinger explains, â€Å"†¦obedience was not always ensured† (2000). Nevertheless, such disobedience was handled accordingly, even in a most violent manner (e.g., Phanes of Halicarnassos deserted to Cambyses; his troops punished him by killing his children before his eyes). Egyptian history -especially that of its military- is comprised of diversity and rich changes. Covering all aspects and timelines within these pages is impossible. However, through the brief references, this paper supports ancient Egyptian military as a strong emerging force that advanced from a subtle state to a mass enterprise. The military was formerly known as a meek unit, rarely engaging in any major battle. Today, historians reveal the Egyptian military and its evolution as one of the finest and most notable armies in the world. References: Dollinger, A. (2000). A Short History of Ancient Egypt. Retrieved January 3, 2007 from http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/history.htm Gabriel, R. A. & Metz, K. S. (1991). From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Armies. Greenwood Press: Westport, CT, 2-24. Lichtheim, M. The Autobiography of Weni. Ancient Egyptian Literature, Vol.1, p. 19. Schulman, A.R. (1964) Military Rank, Title and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom, Hessling: Munich.   

Zara spanish clothing company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zara spanish clothing company - Essay Example The above operational characteristic of Zara is considered as one of its major competitive advantages towards its rivals. The firm has also managed to fully avoid outsourcing, a target that has not been achieved by other retailers. In this context, British retailers, like H&M and Benetton, and USA retailers, like Walmart and J.C. Penny, prefer outsourcing all parts of their supply chain, apart from the quality control phase (Ray 2010, p.324). On the other hand, the above retailers seem to have different competitive priorities from Zara. Indeed, these firms focus more on the development of high quantities of clothes, aiming to avoid sending new ranges to their stores on a daily basis, a common practice in Zara (Gourdin 2006). Rather, they set specific time points for sending new ranges to their stores; these ranges will be appropriately aligned with the market demands, in terms of quantity and quality. There are retailers that have tried to minimize the time spent between the producti on line and the store, like Mango, a Spanish retailer, (Leeman 2010); however, still, the time of response to the customers’ needs is more than in Zara. Keeping the standards of their brand name, meaning the characteristics of their products as of their design and quality, is the key competitive priority for retailers in the particular industry. For Zara, responding to the preferences of customers on a continuous basis is the key strategic priority, as reflected in the firm’s supply chain strategy. Currently, Zara is able to launch a new collection quite rapidly; in fact, the average time required for the firm’s new ranges to reach its stores is about 15 days (Rushton and Walker 2007). Moreover, the firm keeps certain of its facilities spare, meaning its trucks and warehouses, so that it is able to respond to emergent market needs without having to wait for completing a pending order (Mangan, Lalwani

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

History - Essay Example Stephen Kinzer in book â€Å"Overthrow† argues that America could have avoided most of these violent military confrontations spending billions of dollars and causing bloodshed and pain by more patient and effective use of diplomacy and its tools of persuasion. â€Å"Modern history makes it eminently clear that when United States engages with oppressive and threatening regimes, using combinations of incentives, threats, punishments and rewards, those regimes slowly becomes less dangerous† (p.320). This statement sums up what the US has to understand if they truly want peace on earth rather than using the military might to overthrow the other countries governments. The author cites the examples of China, the former Soviet Union, South Korea, South Africa as the success stories of effective diplomatic strategy. At the same time one look at the countries that US militarily intervened like, Philippines, Afghanistan, North Korea, Vietnam, Iran and Iraq the results were terribly wrong. In Iran for example in the early 1951, US at the request of the British, removed a fully functional democratic government only to install a dictator. And in Iraq several decades later they did exactly opposite. Both have not worked. Iran became a completely anti-american country with religious leaders as head of state that looks to oppose any American ideas at the world level. Iraq is still smoldering from the chaos of war with violent reactions every now and then. The resentment against US is ever increasing with strong Anti-US propaganda. The author argues that in most of these cases diplomatic and political approaches would have been far more effective. More often than not, the think tank of the US gets impatient and jumps to the conclusion that a â€Å"regime change† is the only answer. What do they do?. They forcefully invade the country with their military might and advanced weaponry, remove the leader of that country and hand its power to someone who will dance to their tunes.

Modern - Postmodern Art PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modern - Postmodern Art - PowerPoint Presentation Example The essay "Modern - Postmodern Art" investigates modern and postmodern art. Art was more a part of an instrument for magic. Certain Madonnas remain veiled through out the year. Keeping these idols away from the public view enhanced their ritualistic cult value. The exhibition value of the work of art displaced the cult value only later. It was photography of all modern arts that made this displacement complete. Lascaux paintings seen in the Lascaux caves in Southwestern France are Paleolithic paintings as old as 17300 years. The images are that of animals, human figures and abstract signs. The researchers point out that these images are spiritual in nature and relate to the visions of ritualistic trance dances. They represent the past success in hunting and also constitute prayers for the success of the future hunting efforts .All these show that these paintings were not meant for public exhibition. So the act of opening the caves to the public in 1948 it self can be considered in a sense, as failing the very purpose of the creation of these painting. Hence the closing down of the caves cannot be considered as a crime against the art lovers. Modern or post modern art lover is more a consumer of art than a connoisseur of art. He thus will not be much worried about whether he is viewing the original or the duplicate. The concept of the original has become a myth in the modern society. From the negative of a photograph one can take as many prints as one needs. The question of the original does not arise at all.

Estimation of the value of gravitational acceleration (g) Based on Lab Report

Estimation of the value of gravitational acceleration (g) Based on measurements from a simple pendulum - Lab Report Example derived value after factoring in the uncertainty, corroborating the insight that the time period of the oscillation is dependent solely on string length (Ji and Bell 2015; Jardine-Wright 2010). The experiment calls for the calculation of g or the gravitational acceleration via the use of a simplified mechanism, and then undertaking a comparison between the value arrived at from that mechanism with the standard value of g, which is pegged at 9.81. The key principle in the mechanism of the oscillation of systems such as the simplified pendulum lies in being able to grasp the nature of the forces that act on the mechanism. In the pendulum, it is the force of g or the gravitational acceleration which impinge on the frequency of the oscillations, effecting a dampening effect on those oscillations through time. The oscillations of the pendulum mechanism can be construed as being simple harmonic in nature and is periodic. Here the force of restoration is in direct proportion to the pendulum displacement. For the purposes of this paper, the relevant formula is the one that prescribes the value of the time period, which is given thus (Ji and Bell 2015; Jardine-Wright 2010): In the equation above, the value of T is dependent only on the string length l and g. Therefore, given T and l, g can be derived. The insight from the experiment is in being able to understand the way the oscillating system variables affect each other, as stated in the instructions; how the value of g is derived; and what the measurement errors and the causes of those errors are (Ji and Bell 2015; Jardine-Wright 2010). Two people made up a group, and the basic materials were the cotton rope, which was used as the string to hold the weight, which was first a plastic ball and later changed to a golf ball for more weight. The measuring devices were a ruler and an iPhone used as timing device. The rope was tied to the golf ball, and the time to ten oscillations were measured, with the golf ball suspended

Business Law Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Law Coursework - Essay Example (or "Divies") under the principle of vicarious liability. Crates may likewise have a claim for consequential economic loss. For Abraham and Crates to successfully claim under the law of tort, it must be shown that the elements making up a successful claim of negligence exist: duty, breach, causation, and damage. In the case of Lochgelly Iron and Coal Co. v M'Mullan (1934), it was stated that the tort of negligence 'properly connotes the complex of duty, breach and damage thereby suffered by the person to whom the duty was owing'. It was likewise stated in Burton v Islington (1992) that 'it is now elementary that the tort of negligence involves three factors: a duty of care, a breach of that duty and consequent damage.' Based on the foregoing decisions, the tort of negligence to be actionable must have the following elements: (1) there is a legal duty of care owed by defendant to the plaintiff; (2) a breach of that legal duty of care consisting of an act or omission by the defendant; and (3) consequent damage on the part of the plaintiff as a result such act or omission by the defendant. [see also Markesi nis, p. 69 (1999)] In the recent case of Jones v BBC, 2007 WL 2187023 (QBD), Jones, a freelance sound recordist for defendant BBC, claimed that he suffered personal injury caused by the negligence of the defendants. During a recording of the lowering of a windmill mast, and while Jones was walking under the inclined mast, the windmill rotor fell onto his back causing severe spinal injury rendering him paraplegic. In ruling for the claimant, the court stated that the BBC, as employer, had assumed responsibility for the health and safety of freelancers when they work on BBC productions. Since the safety crew had identified a risk of the falling mast, a discussion before filming should have been made to warn the crew not to go beneath it. But the safety crew did not give the warning. Such failure of BBC, through the safety crew, is considered negligent which caused Jones' accident. It had been held that it was incumbent upon BBC, its safety crew and the owners of the farm as occupiers of the site to take steps further to those they had taken to ensure that the BBC crew did not pass under the mast during its lowering. In the instant case, the shop manager breached the legal duty of care required of him under the circumstances when he failed to give a safety warning or danger warning after opening the windows onto the pavement because it is reasonably foreseeable that such window obstructs the path of the pedestrian and is most likely to cause an accident. Thus, in the case of Crowther v Kirklees Metropolitan Council (2006), the claimant ambulance driver claimed damages for personal injuries she sustained when she went to the house of a patient where the street was a narrow cul-de-sac with no footpaths. When plaintiff got out of the ambulance and placed her right foot on the step, as it was a high drop to the road, and her left foot on the ground, it entered a large defect centred around a circular utility cover measuring 5cm in depth, 40cm in width and 46 cm in length. When her foot entered the defect, she went over on her left ankle, which she strained. In ruling for the plaintiff, the court stated that it was reasonably foreseeable that the defect could result in injury to pedestrians. The

The 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act Essay

The 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act - Essay Example The act implemented ways to make the process of filing for bankruptcy very long and costly in order to reduce the number of people filing for bankruptcy. People filing for bankruptcy undergo credit counselling intended to change their minds on filing for bankruptcy (Scott 2005). Later, those proceed to file for bankruptcy undergo means test to evaluate and determine their need and eligibility to file for bankruptcy. The establishment of this act has therefore worked to improve the cases filed on bankruptcy. This is because anyone who puts any file on a bankruptcy gets an opportunity to undergo credit counselling. With this counselling companies and individuals are able to have a clear analysis of their budges to avoid bankruptcy (Scott 2005). In that case, when individuals have critically well analysed and established budgets, they will be a position to have an insight of their ability to file for bankruptcy. This therefore eliminates the filing of bankruptcy by consumers without clear understanding of their ability to pay back their debts. Provision for counselling also helps people to plan on the options they have on paying their debts. These also provide a consideration of the available methods of paying back debts which can either be the priority of debts subject to the prevailing rate of interest or the consolidation of debts (Carroll 2007). After all this analysis, individuals will then be at their own free will to whether to file for the bankruptcy as they initially intended or to avoid it completely. On most cases, people who file for bankruptcy are very desperate for money. In that case, taking them through bankruptcy does not amount to any use at all. Individuals go ahead to file for bankruptcy in a financial state of dire need. After the counselling they proceed to file for the bankruptcy. This therefore is almost

What is Philosophy Essay Example for Free

What is Philosophy Essay Upon reading the opening chapter of Cahn’s, â€Å"Exploring Philosophy: An Introductory Anthology†, I was immediately drawn in by the opening statement from Beardsley and Beardsley: â€Å"The study of philosophy is unlike the study of any other subject†¦The only prerequisite is an inquiring mind† (Cahn, 3). For a science major, my first reaction is excitement, for there is no need to memorize â€Å"dates, formulas, or rules† (Chan, 3). As I continued reading however, I start to think to myself what I believe it means to take a philosophy course? My definition of taking a philosophy course is I would be studying the ideas of one’s thoughts, beliefs, morals, religion, and any other â€Å"stereotypical† philosophical description. However, thanks to the definition provided, when broken down, â€Å"the word philosophy is of Greek origin and literally means, â€Å"the love of wisdom† (Cahn, 3). What does that even mean? Throughout the opening chapter, both authors try to dissect, analyze, and examine these ideas of ‘philosophy’ and ‘philosophical questions’ for readers, like myself, to gain a better understanding for exploring such a concept. Still, how do I truly know that I have reached such an answer? There are three chief benefits that the authors provide, â€Å"that are to be derived from the study of philosophy†. The first being, â€Å"increased clearness in your own beliefs† (Chan 10). For me, I believe this statement to be saying that I must truly be sure that what I hold to be true is in fact true to me. The second is, â€Å"increased assurance that your beliefs are reasonable† (Cahn, 10). So to my understanding, now that I believe that such a fact is true, I must also make sure that it is reasonable. What does it mean for something to be reasonable? â€Å"’Reasonable’ has a broad, but definite, meaning here: a reasonable belief is simply a belief for which a good reason can be given. Reasonable beliefs are logically justifiable† (Cahn, 3). Okay, so if I put this in my own words, it means that this fact that I hold to be true, must also have some sort of good purpose for it to hold such meaning. The third and last benefit is, â€Å"increased consistency† (Cahn, 11). Because there are so many questions one can ask that can force us to contradict most anything, this third belief to me is saying that, with consistency, there may be a possibility of coming to an actual answer or an agreement of such facts or ideas. Not sure if I cleared up what philosophy means to me, or if I confused myself more. Hopefully I do not confuse you either. I wrote on this first reading, because it really captured my attention in that, sometimes we as humans do philosophical thinking and questioning though we may not always be aware of it. Whether we are questioning some sort of fact out loud, or internally – we are participating in â€Å"philosophical thinking† (Cahn, 7). Therefore, it is important to understand what this term ‘philosophy’ means. I am excited for this course to explore many ideas and to uncover/discover such conceptual thinking and ideas that I may not be aware of, through the readings and discussions we will be holding in class.

Walt Disney Concert Hall Essay Example for Free

Walt Disney Concert Hall Essay â€Å"Why cant we have those curves and arches that express feeling in design? What is wrong with them? Why has everything got to be vertical, straight, unbending, only at right angles and functional? † ? Charles, Prince of Wales. (Quotes) Three years ago I was studying high school in Los Angeles, and during vacation I travelled around and explored the city. I still remember out of all the locations that I have toured, Walt Disney Concert Hall probably is the one that stands out most in my memory. Although I didn’t visit the interior of the Concert Hall, the exterior appearance left a profound impact on me influencing my view regarding the society and art. I feel astounded by how Gehry’s work can beautifully allow art and architecture to collide into a piece of functional aesthetic structure. Among all the nearby and typical buildings in the city of Los Angeles, Walt Disney Concert Hall, designed by Frank O. Gehry, becomes a prominent infrastructure and representative of the area. It reveals an eye-catching comparison as it unconventional, curvaceous, irregular and stirring style contrasts with the surrounding proportional, balance, symmetrical and straight buildings. Through the critical examining of its construction styles, design, social manifestation, and public response which I am going to evaluate in this essay, I want to expose an understanding of how architecture reflects on its symbolic function and societal progression. â€Å"I know I draw without taking my pen off the page. I just keep going, and that my drawings I think of them as scribbles. I dont think they mean anything to anybody except to me, and then at the end of the day, the end of the project they wheel out these little drawings and theyre damn close to what the finished building is and, and its the drawing, the hand eye coordination which starts to generate this, the beginnings of this kind of ephemeral image, and its the way from those drawings I organ , its strange what I do, I organise the space of a building. † Frank O. Gehry (BBC radio) The architect Frank O. Gehry made the above statement during a radio interview. He begins the design with sketches and after many refinements, finally produces a massive building formed by titanium, steel, glass, wood, brick and concrete (Guilfoyle). The use of stainless glass has always been an attractive element of Walt Disney Concert Hall and is also Gehry’ signature. Not only because of its lustrous appearance that attracts the public, but also delivers a positive message to the world. As titanium is a material mainly used in aeronautics, it implies the embracement of the future (Barnet 92). Additionally, other materials such as glass suggest a sense of understanding of the world and connecting two materials in harmony through its transparent quality. Brick implies warmth, simplicity, unpretentiousness and hand-craftsmanship. And wood associates with nature and the outdoor environment, giving a sense of pristine, rudimental, and original properties (Barnet 93). It shows that even materials can contribute to the meaning of the building. Furthermore, besides the materials that convey meaning, the site that is chosen to build an infrastructure also creates specific connection and meaning to the public. As the Disney Hall is built beside the street, it allows convenient and easy access which benefit the crowds. This location promotes a welcoming sign to everyone, showing art is available to different culture, race and class. If the construction site had been chosen in Beverly Hills, an extravagant tourist attraction in Los Angeles, it definitely will not advertise the same accessible atmosphere. Likewise, rather than locating the Hall in a quiet, isolated and distant area, the government decides to situate it inside the city, which reflects its important connection with the citizens or as an international display. It emerges as a symbol to reflect the diverse culture, unique characteristic and hot climate of downtown Los Angeles (Dal Co 442). The hospitable nature of Walt Disney Concert Hall also initiated from Gehry’s desire to create a â€Å"synergy† via intimacy and inclusion within and outside (Leigh). He hopes the musicians and performers will be able to feel comfortable and easy on stage and â€Å"the orchestra and the audience would have an intimate connection with each other† (Leigh). Under this goal, Gehry makes use of modeled Douglas fir and cedar to surround the auditorium and concave wood panels to generate the audience seat. As a lot of timber materials are placed inside, it results in a perception of vibrating sound, enlivening the musical performance. Thus, any small sound from the audience will be amplified and intermingled with the actual orchestra. Moreover, the stage is designed a bit higher than the orchestra seats in order to provide a better view for the audience. It seeks to provide a cozy and intimate acoustic experience (Leigh). The usual concert halls normally provide private boxes appealing to the promising and affordable audience, but Gehry eliminates this design as he believes every seat in the Hall provides a different sensational experience (Leigh). Once again, I think this message aims to promote equity in art and that none is able to purchase or own it. The design of Walt Disney Concert Hall is based on Deconstructivism, contradictory to Constructivism; both are attempts to invent a new style of post-modern architecture in the 1980s resulting from the imperfection of Modernist conventions (Melvin 136). Deconstructivism, identified by the concept of fragmentation, deviation, unpredictability and under-controlled chaos, functions to create distorted, irregular and broken shapes to alter the traditional elements of architecture. It is influenced by the modern art cubism and minimalism, it deformation style implies a detachment of cultural differences (Citizendium). Just as Gehry said, he likes to â€Å"control chaos and relate that to the urban world† (Leigh), which is one of the characteristic of deconstructivism. Overall, I find the design of Walt Disney Concert Hall as a great representation of contemporary architecture. Evaluating its materials and design, it successfully generates a positive image as a landmark of Los Angeles city. However, I think the shortcoming is that the stainless steel forming the exterior of the Hall brings out a negative impact to the surrounding climate. As the residents of surrounding buildings complained about the increase in temperature and visual glare affecting their daily life, which cause high temperature on the path and even soften plastic objects around (Valmont). Although it doesn’t cause problem to visitors of the Hall, but produce a long-term affect to people living around. Last but not least, some critics also claim that Walt Disney Concert Hall displays a sense of detachment, with inconsistency, showing an absence of social attention. They argue that the simplicity of Hall has abandoned the values of past and present art works without a clear intention (Citizendium).

Demand For E Ticketing Systems Computer Science Essay

Demand For E Ticketing Systems Computer Science Essay It has already seen that there has been a rapid growth in the demand for E-Ticketing systems in a widespread range of applications like cinemas and theatres. The usage of an Electronic ticketing system has become a huge convenience in the Airline industry as well. Most airlines currently prefer that the bulk of their reservations and booking be done online. As it is a no-paper system, there are huge savings to be made when using the electronic system. This section of the research paper is where the research methods to develop this mobile ticketing are discussed. Upon completion of the literature review, the existing systems have been thoroughly studied. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing systems have been pointed out. The target now is to produce a new idea that has the advantages of the existing systems but does not have its disadvantages. The system has to be new and improved. To accomplish this, the literature review is not enough. Further research needs to be done t o assess if it is even possible to create this system, whether the people will approve of it and find it useful, how feasible is production of this system, what measures need to be taken to make this system and other factors. How this further research will be carried out will be explained here. The planning and schedule of the research method is also stated. Introducing: Mobile Ticketing System for Airlines. A mobile ticketing system is yet to be utilized by most airlines. It is intended to produce such a system where people can finally use their cell phones or mobiles throughout their flights. The use of mobile ticketing has been seen in cinemas and other areas but NOT for airlines. This has not been introduced for flights anywhere in the world, but it has an excellent future. There are many reasons why this is so. There has been an increase in the usage of mobile payment schemes. This has streamlined the process of payment for various products and services. The various schemes include Direct Operator billing, Premium SMS transactions or even linking the application to external payment methods like credit cards or PayPal. This is one of the key features that make this new system very usable. Over all the usage of mobile phones now a days are a must. Almost everyone has a mobile phone with them. So there will be many mobile phone users who will find this system very useful. Mobile Ticke ting will still include benefits to service providers like travel agencies to access new opportunities through smartphones, by bringing value added services, such as traveller guides and tips. It will reduce the amount of paper work and also use of paper itself. Passengers will not have to worry about losing their tickets any more. The system will be the first system that will implement the scanning of mobile QR codes or a quick response code for flights. As the name suggests this code will be apt for the system because it is read very fast and it can store a large amount of data, which is perfect for storing the ticket information. A simple scan of the code and the passenger will be ready for the flight. This new system is Mobile Ticketing System for Airlines. Aims and Scope: The first step in producing any system is to figure out exactly what the system needs to be able to execute, that is to say, its functions. The Mobile Ticketing System is required to fulfil all the business processes of an airline booking system. It will inherit the basic flow of processes of current E-Ticketing systems. Below are the basic functions of this system. Creating Reservations The passenger must login to the airline booking system on the application. The destination, departure and/or return date will be input. Once a flight is booked, the passenger will be prompted for payment. Once the payment clears, the system will generate a unique QR code for the passenger. Checking in Upon arrival at the check-in counter, the passenger allows the scanner to scan the QR code in the phone. The system then validates the ticket and the passenger is checked in. Boarding Once the passenger arrives at the respective boarding gate, another scan is done and the passenger is let on board. Boundaries Boundaries of a system is the boundary that separates the external entities of the system from its internal entities. Knowing the system boundaries assists in reaching the project development goals. The mobile application to be developed is web based and will interact with the current booking system of the airline. As a result, a booking system itself will not be required to be made. The users themselves will interact only with the mobile application. Deliverables: When managing a project, the deliverables of the system need to be well defined. Deliverables are the objects that need to be produced in order for this system to function properly and execute what it is designed to. External Deliverables: The external deliverables of this research project will include an overall report of the system and an appendix including screen layouts, charts and questionnaires. Internal Deliverables: The internal deliverables include a Gantt chart showing the development timeframe and a description of the Methodology of developing the system. Objectives: Please refer to the Appendices for the Gantt chart that displays the overall tasks and timeframe for the development of the system. Key Features: The system must be able to provide the user with up-to-date flight information along with the various prices for a ticket. Must allow the purchasing of a ticket. The system must be able to generate a QR code containing the information regarding the ticket purchased and also information required for validation. The system must include mobile payment methods including Direct Operator billing and Premium SMS transactions. To do this, the system must be registered with the various telecom operators of the country of use. In the case where a passenger does not wish to use mobile payment, the application must allow the user to pat using other methods like credit card or PayPal. In the checking in and boarding process, the system must be able to validate the passenger using scanners. The user must be able to access flight information at any time. Flight cancellation. Advantages of the system: Ease of use The application itself is very simple to use. The purchasing of tickets is fast and less time consuming. Reduces the requirement of waiting in lines, thus saving the user valuable time. Tickets can be purchased from any location, whether it be at home or at the airport itself. All that is required is an internet connection. Avoids the requirement of carrying cash or credit cards during ticket purchase. Significantly reduces the number of free-riders. This is a term given to those travellers who arrive late for a flight and do not have the time to purchase a ticket using the regular method. Mobile Ticketing can increase the consumer experience with the use of Value-added services. For example, in the case of a traveller visiting an unfamiliar location, the application can use the ticket information to generate useful advice and guidelines to the traveller. Ecosystem advantages Savings in cost due to no printing required. There is also a reduction in marketing costs. The system reduces the impact on the environment caused by printed tickets, especially those using magnetic stripes, which are not recyclable. Less paper is used, which saves trees. Solutions to limitations: The descriptions of the limitations of the current systems used are detailed in the literature review. From the limitations mentioned there, the main ones concerning the mobile ticketing system were: Payment methods may not work with foreign subscription phones Tickets can be forged easily Phone can get lost or turn off due to lack of battery charge. Last minute flight cancellations will pose a problem when trying to book a different flight. The solutions to the above problems are elaborated below: In the case in which certain Premium SMS transactions are blocked by some operators, registering the foreign operator providing the Premium SMS with the local operators may solve the problem. In the case where it is not possible at all, other payment methods like credit cards or PayPal must be used. Another problem for E-ticketing systems is ticket forgery. With the use of Mobile-ticketing, various encryption methods can be used to prevent forgery. Also, the smartphones used by the passengers can be registered into the system, so that alerts can be made if a phone is stolen. Prior notice will be given to go to the airport with the phone battery fully charged. In the case of a flight cancellation, the system will look for an alternative flight. If there is a difference in pricing, a refund process will be initiated or extra charges will be added to the passengers account.

problem analysis summary :: essays research papers

Problem Analysis Summary The employees of ABC Company have identified a problem, which must be resolved. ABC employs a part-time administrative assistant whose work ethics and productivity are lacking; thereby affecting others in the organization. The employee is responsible to answer phones, take messages, and assist each department in performing various administrative functions. The position held by this employee is important, as each department relies on her input and assistance in completing their assigned tasks. The administrative assistant’s lack of follow-through and general uncaring attitude towards her work has caused her co-workers to be frustrated, annoyed, and more importantly, has led to productivity being negatively affected.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In reviewing the problem it is important to note the specific details of the behaviors the administrative assistant is displaying. The hours for the position were presented to the administrative assistant; however, she arrives late for work on a daily basis. This issue has been discussed with her, without successful resolution; she has a daily excuse of why she is late. The worker in question does not finish the tasks assigned, and typically procrastinates beginning a project. When the employee works on an assignment, she does not stay focused, gets easily side-tracked and appears to be working on several projects at once, never giving any assignment her undivided attention. Finally, phone messages that are written by the worker are vague and incoherent. All of the aforementioned details lead the administrative assistant’s co-workers to realize there is a problem with this worker.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In a casual discussion of two employees who work with the administrative assistant, it was discovered that most of the workers recognize that there is a problem with the worker in question. The co-workers began to share notes and soon realized that each department was experiencing the same difficulties with the administrative assistant. This appeared to be the triggering event that exposed the problem to the group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To utilize critical thinking skills and thoroughly analyze the problem, we will address the following questions: 1) Could the administrative assistant be overloaded with work? 2) Could some of the projects be given to other members of the staff to relieve the pressure?

Canvas of War :: essays research papers

The Canvas of War exhibit exemplifies the various sides of life during the war. The layout of the works alone was very effective in the sense that one led into the next as you moved along looking at them. The styles implemented range from a stylistic approach, mainly surreal in nature, and many were highly detailed realistic paintings. The paintings themselves speak volumes for the hardships the soldiers faced as well as the hardships of life for those at home trying to make ends meet while their family members were out fighting. It was a very difficult time for many, and the exhibit communicates this very well to the public, especially the younger generation which are not too familiar with the past history of war. The First World War images of battle, hospital corps, heroic portraits and gathering soldiers take the visitor through the confused emotions of life in wartime. One image that truly has expression to it in my opinion is that of Ablain-St. Nazaire by J.W. Beatty. It depict s a war torn land with dead and broken trees, only their stumps remaining. In the distant background there is a church which has also been destroyed during the war. The destruction of the church is symbolic of religion being tossed aside during war, a time were instinct is your only chance of survival. The painting uses very cool colours which gives a sense of relief to the viewer. It signifies that its all over, and the green grass and shrubs that are now growing symbolize a new life or rebirth. After a war is over most people have to start at square one again, which is what this image shows, so for that reason I believe it is truly effective.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through examining the various artworks in this exhibit I have found many styles never known to me in the past. Through looking at the paintings I begin to realize that the artists that created these images are also the heroes in the sense that they risked their lives in the heat of battle, all in an attempt to illustrate what was happening. I can only imagine how many innocent artists lost their lives as well in the process.

Workforce Diversity Definition

Workplace diversity is a people issue, focused on the differences and similarities that people bring to an organization. It is usually defined broadly to include dimensions beyond those specified legally in equal opportunity and affirmative action non-discrimination statutes. Diversity is often interpreted to include dimensions which influence the identities and perspectives that people bring, such as profession, education, parental status and geographic location.Benefits of workforce diversity. Best available talent.Older employees can bring experience and a strong work ethic to the university.Lecturers from other countries, often have an exceptional education, here or abroad, in science and more technical fields.Universities that provide equal opportunities to all workers can select, interview, screen and hire the most educated and experienced workers.More effective execution. Operate more effectively than less-diverse universities due to collective education and experience. Inspire their employees, lecturers and students to perform to the best of their ability.Experienced and educated people tend to be better at planning, time management, goal setting, work delegation and projects completed on time. Negative impacts of workforce diversity.Unresolved conflict.Lecturers and students that come from different cultural backgrounds have different perspectives on how to handle issues or concerns that arise. No parallel understandings between lecturers, students and workers prohi bit effective resolution of conflicts.Poor communication.Different countries and different native languages of students and lecturers prohibit clear and meaningful communication between them.Train the family of the university on cultural awareness and tolerance of differences to encourage them to openly discuss their different viewpoints on things as opposed to avoiding interaction or getting into conflict.Examples of workforce diversity in International Islamic University Malaysia.Lecturers. Many lecturers of IIUM come from different countries such as Russia, Japan, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh and so on. Workforce diversity allows IIUM to choose the IONbest lecturers to serve and educate their students.Students. Students of IIUM not only come from local citizens but also come from other countries such as Brunei Darussalam, Middle East countries and others. IIUM only selects the best students to be in this university. Workforce Diversity Definition Workplace diversity is a people issue, focused on the differences and similarities that people bring to an organization. It is usually defined broadly to include dimensions beyond those specified legally in equal opportunity and affirmative action non-discrimination statutes. Diversity is often interpreted to include dimensions which influence the identities and perspectives that people bring, such as profession, education, parental status and geographic location.Benefits of workforce diversity. Best available talent.Older employees can bring experience and a strong work ethic to the university.Lecturers from other countries, often have an exceptional education, here or abroad, in science and more technical fields.Universities that provide equal opportunities to all workers can select, interview, screen and hire the most educated and experienced workers.More effective execution. Operate more effectively than less-diverse universities due to collective education and experience. Inspire their employees, lecturers and students to perform to the best of their ability.Experienced and educated people tend to be better at planning, time management, goal setting, work delegation and projects completed on time. Negative impacts of workforce diversity.Unresolved conflict.Lecturers and students that come from different cultural backgrounds have different perspectives on how to handle issues or concerns that arise. No parallel understandings between lecturers, students and workers prohi bit effective resolution of conflicts.Poor communication.Different countries and different native languages of students and lecturers prohibit clear and meaningful communication between them.Train the family of the university on cultural awareness and tolerance of differences to encourage them to openly discuss their different viewpoints on things as opposed to avoiding interaction or getting into conflict.Examples of workforce diversity in International Islamic University Malaysia.Lecturers. Many lecturers of IIUM come from different countries such as Russia, Japan, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh and so on. Workforce diversity allows IIUM to choose the IONbest lecturers to serve and educate their students.Students. Students of IIUM not only come from local citizens but also come from other countries such as Brunei Darussalam, Middle East countries and others. IIUM only selects the best students to be in this university.

Important Committees and Their Heads Essay

1. U.C. Banerjee Commission :- Enquiry into Godhra carnage (railways) 2. Sarkaria Commission : Centre-State relations 3. Srikrishna Commission : 1992 Bombay riots 4. Thakkar Commission : Indira Gandhi assassination case 5. Malhotra Committee : Insurance Reforms 6. Ajay Vikram Singh Committee : Faster promotions in army 7. Rajinder Sachar Committee {1} : Companies and MRPT Act 8. Rajindar Sachar Committee {2} : Report on the social, economic and educational status of the Muslims of India 9. Jyoti Basu Committee : Report on Octroi abolition 10. Sawant Committee : Enquiry on corruption, charges against ministers & Anna Hazare 11. Chelliah Committee : Eradicating black money 12. Kothari Commission: Educational reforms 13. Wanchoo Committee : Tax enquiry 14. Rangarajan Committee : Reforms in private sector 15. Chakravarti Committee : Banking sector reforms 16. G.V.Ramakrishna Committee : Disinvestment in PSU shares 17. Kelkar Committee : First committee on backward castes 18. Godbole Committee :Enron Power Project 19. Rangarajan Committee : Statistics 20. Wardha Committee : Inquiry on murder of Graham Staines 21. N.N. Vohra Committee : Criminalization of politics 22. Kelkar Committee {2} : Direct-Indirect Taxes 23. Narasimham Committee : Banking sector reforms 24. Chelliah Committee :Tax reforms 25. Mashelkar Committee : National Auto Fuel Policy 26. Yashpal Committee : Review of School Education system 27. Ram Nandan Prasad Committee : Constitution of creamy layers among Backward Castes 28. Kelkar Committee{3} :Enquiry on Kargil defense deals. 29. Thorat Committee : Caste-based discrimination against students in AIIMS 30. R.K.Raghavan Committee : Ragging in colleges 31. James Lyngdoh Committee :- Student politics and student-body elections in colleges. 32. E.M.S. Nachiappan Committee : Reforms in the higher judiciary 33. Soli Sorabjee Committee : Police Reforms [it was constituted after the Judgement of the Supreme Court in Parkash Singh vs Union of India (2006)] 34. Fali S. Nariman Committee :- Accountability and damages with regard to destruction of public property 35. Raghuram C. Rajan Committee :- financial sector reforms 36. Tarkunde Committee :- composition of the Election Commission and other electoral reforms 37. Dinesh Goswami Committee :- electoral reforms

P.I.E.S

This is where a life is forming growing bigger and bigger every day. At 4 weeks, the baby's spinal cord, the formation of arms and legs are beginning to develop. At this stage, the little life form is now an embryo. By 8 weeks, all major organs and external limbs would be developing, continuing to grow in size, also the eyes. The baby's heart begins to beat with a regular rhythm and the determined sex organs begin to develop. This Is when the fetus begins to look more like a human but only reaching roughly an Inch long In size. Also, the umbilical cord has become more visible.By 12 weeks, the baby's nerves and muscles begin to work with catheter which can be shown but the baby making a fist. Also at 12 weeks, you are able to fled out whether your baby Is a girl or a boy as the external sex organs become visible. The baby's eyes will have eyelids that have recently developed which will then cover the eyes to protect them from other fluids until later on in the pregnancy when they will be able to control the movement of their eyes. By muscles, tissue and skin starts to form, giving an even more defined human shape.Although the skin is now being developed, at this stage, the skin is quite transparent. Intellectual and Emotional – The intellectual part of pregnancy is very important to the Mother's mental preparation for birth. This would be anything from buying your baby's first clothes and necessities to decorating the nursery. Things like this keep the mother's mind from worrying about things such as whether her baby will have any Issues, or If she would have any Issues Glenn birth. The mother will also need a lot of love and support during pregnancy because her hormonal changes will make her very emotional.Pregnancy can mentally affect the mother especially if she is one to worry, mainly because of the changes that are going on with her body. For the baby, the intellectual stage is when the brain is fully developed and it is said that by his stage, the b aby is actually able to dream. Birth and Infancy: P. I. E. S Physical – Between birth and the age of 3, babies begin to develop different strengths and skills. This is from learning basic strengths like rolling, then crawling then standing to walking then running, to learning to talk and sing.Muscle development in a baby starts from the head down. This is why they go from lifting their head the running. The first control a baby will learn will be control of their neck. Intellectual – Straight from birth, babies are already beginning to communicate and Interact with other people especially adults. This can be from crying to clenching their fists around a finger. Also, as the baby Is Intellectually developing, they are being able to express their needs and emotions using gestures.As the baby develops into infancy, they are how to use their emotions properly like crying if they are hurt or not getting what they want, and laughing and smiling when they are happy or find so mething funny. Emotional – At birth, the only emotion that a baby has is the ability to cry. They don't understand emotions yet until they further develop. When a baby is born, they need a lot of love and care. This is extremely important, because it ensures that the baby feels safe and secure. This is vital for the baby to grow up feeling comfortable and safe in their home and in their family.By about the age of 1-3 they learn how to smile and laugh which lets them express their emotions when they are happy. They learn different emotions and express them in ways that they understand such as pulling tantrums or laughing at something funny. By the age of 3, an infant should pretty much know all emotions and when they know which emotions are relevant to different situations. Social – From 0-3, the only social development will be speech and sutures with close individuals especially the parents and other family members.This actually builds their self esteem and confidence which is very important because it creates good social skills for their future social interaction with others. Getting to the age of 2-3, the infant becomes more aware of other people like strangers on a bus; they will wave or say hello to other individuals, sometimes even animals. This improves their social skills because by the age of 3, the infant may even have friends. Usually this will be from cousins; to maybe other infants they regularly see such as neighbors or other infants at playgroups. Childhood: P. I. E.S Physical – At this stage, children will enjoy the fact that they can walk and run, and they will learn how to dance, climb, ride bikes (with stabilizers to Just two wheels), how to swing, and possibly swim. This is very exciting for them because they are able to discover different activities and are able to have fun and express individual activities that they may enjoy as a regular hobby; such as football, swimming, riding, racing etc†¦ At this stage, it is important that children are supervised with everything they do because it teaches them how to be safe with what they do for themselves ND others around them.From birth to the age of 3, a child grows quite fast, at the childhood stage, the child's growth slows down but they can have growth spurts height wise. Intellectual – This stage is the most important stage for the development of the brain and mind. Especially educationally. At this stage, children will become a lot more interested in pretty much everything. They will be prone to asking loads of questions about anything from what they have seen or how they feel. They are most likely to be a lot more interested in their environment, their society and different cultures.They express this by the interest in costumes and they like to do performances. Also at this stage, they will be going through primary solicitation and secondary solicitation so they will be learning many different things every day. They will also pay more attention to where they live. Emotional – In the childhood stage, children are learning to deal with other individuals feelings as well as theirs. They also learn new skills and how to behave well such as learning manners. They learn how to deal with their own emotions especially when they are interacting with others especially other children.Children will start forming bonds with other children who can even become life long friends; they learn how to respect others, and they also learn how to connect with other children similar to them. Social – During childhood, developing long term social relationships whereas others are better at keeping close friends only for a short time. The most important part of solicitation in this stage is that children learn the importance of good relationships and friends. Adolescence: Physical – This is one of the most changing life stages. At this stage, teenagers will become Men and Woman.Their body will be going through many cha nges; this is called puberty. Boys; for boys, puberty consists of the breaking of their voice (their voice becomes deeper) due to the ‘dropping of their testicles. They begin to grow a lot faster in height, and baby fat begins to disappear or turn into muscle. They begin to grow facial hair and hair in intimate areas and the armpits. This is all due to the production of testosterone. Girls; for girls, puberty consists of the formation of the breasts, menstrual periods; preparing them for motherhood, they begin to grow bodily hair and hair on intimate areas.This is all due to the production of estrogen. Intellectual – At this stage, teenagers are able to imagine different experiences that they may not have seen or done before. Also, they begin to imagine their future and would have a better idea of what they want to achieve in their future. They become more alike adults in terms of dealing with problems. Also in this stage, teenagers will be looking at their first Job ev en if it is Just a small part time Job, it prepares them for future bigger work opportunities and also gives them experience and responsibility.Emotional – At this stage teenagers are experiencing hormonal changes; meaning hat their emotions can be off balance causing mood swings and aggression in some cases. This could be difficult for family and friends, and can have an affect on the opposite sex such as pressure on relationships and friendships. At this stage feeling masculine is very important towards a guys self esteem and confidence. You wont often see them cry, and they may tend to show off inferno of their fellow friends. This makes them feel more superior and dominant. For a woman, they like to feel wanted and sexy.They will wear clothing that shows more skin and will show off their curves. Like men, this is important to the development of self esteem and self- confidence. Teenagers will have created long term relationships as friends and some maybe a long term girlf riend or boyfriend; their emotions will be much stronger and will become more attached to others around the same age. They become a lot more emotionally attached to people and stronger bonds are formed. During adolescence, teenagers will be most likely to experience love for the first time; some more than once, some actually find their soul mate.Social – Teenagers become a lot more independent so they begin to not rely on their family as much and tend to rely a lot ore on their friends or their peer group for support and advice. This can put pressure on their family and friends. Teenagers desire the need to belong to a group. They will express this through what they wear and their interests/hobbies. A main part of this stage is experiencing their sexuality. This is when they start experiencing sexual contact, and different relationships.At this stage, some teenagers can become confused with their sexuality and may want to experience relationships and sexual experiences with t he same sex. Adulthood: P. I. E. S During this stage, adults may progress to the need of glasses for reading and/or rating, due to changes in sight. They may also experience difficulties in their hearing leading to the need of hearing aids. Another change would be change in hair color (grey) and sometimes even loss of hair; mostly occurring in men. This is the stage where growth stops and your body processes begin to slow down and become more relaxed.By the age of 45-55, women are most likely to experience menopause which is when their periods stop and they lose the ability to have children. Intellectual – At this stage, adults are more likely to be in a stable Job. The older adults will have earned a lot from previous experiences which will give them skills and benefit them in future opportunities. The older adults are also a lot more wiser, and will know what is best to do in situations and will know what is best for younger individuals. Emotional – During this life stage, adults go through many emotions mainly to do with relationships and their career.They will feel a lot more stress due to work and also to do with pressure of having a partner or not having one. Also, this is the life stage when families are beginning to be created; couples are deciding to have children, some even have their first grandchildren. Also during this life strange, relationships with family members improve and adults feel closer to their parents than ever before; either because they realize that family are the ones who are actually always there for them and/or because they have a family of their own and understands how it must have felt.Social – The younger adults gain more sexual experience, some of them; it will be their partner who they feel they will have a future with. As years have past, it has become more regular that adults are having children younger and younger. With the older adults, partnership and marriage comes more into light which becomes very important to adults self. It becomes a key aspect of their social life; it is important to have a stable social life at this age because it builds your self esteem and confidence which are key skills for employment.Employment; it is key to be in paid employment at this stage, because at this stage, adults have a lot more responsibility for themselves and need to be reliant on themselves rather than their parents. This is key for building their own future and is important for their social life. Older 65+: P. I. E. S Physical – At this stage, older adults become a lot more weaker and less able or national. Everything they do (what they can do) takes a lot longer to do than what it would an adult. This can be from difficulty breathing, their bodies become weaker such as their bones, muscles, organs etc†¦ Hey become a lot less mobile. At this stage, older adults are more prone to illnesses and can develop conditions such as arthritis. Also, visually, you change, you produce rankles, skin spots and other visual signs of aging. Intellectual – At this stage, mental ability decreases; older adults forget things, are not able to solve problems or cope with them as well and will have many difficulties. On the other hand, older adults who are more healthy and enjoy their exercise are more able to keep their mental abilities and their knowledge can carry on developing.At this stage, they will be at most wise and this can still increase. At this age, older adults will have had their whole life as experience and will have many memories which adds to their knowledge about anything. An example would be someone who may have experienced an historic event such as a war. Future older adult will be useful. Emotional – The main thing emotionally at this stage is mentally staying strong through the sense of old age and any problems that may or eave occurred. At this age, older adults are likely to lose their confidence and self esteem because of the way th ey are treated.Individuals of this age who have a family especially if it is a large family, they are more likely to keep their self esteem and confidence because they will receive comfort, support, stability and encouragement; strong bonds with grandchildren are common and give the older adults a sense of being young again, also older adults like to see themselves as role models for their grandchildren. Social – Older adults lives vary. At this stage, older adults are more likely to to be retired.This is a good way to socialize and make friends especially if they are in retirement homes or go to activities or centers based for their age. Having a family is important because a family provides emotional and practical support through anything that happens such as health problems or if they Just need support for something such as work or decisions. Health problems can have a strong effect on an older adults social life and they could end up feeling isolated from society; which i s why family and friends are important at this stage. An older adults norms and beliefs will also become more important to them.

Princely Jets (Pvt.) Ltd. the Air Ambulance Written Analysis of a Case

Princely Jets (Pvt. ) Ltd. – The Air Ambulance| Written Analysis of a Case| Mariam Soomro, Sharmain Malik, Syed Zainul Islam & Farooq Tirmizi| Introduction This paper will be referring to the case study â€Å"Princely Jets (Pvt. ) Ltd. – The Air Ambulance†. It will discuss at length the issues brought out in the case which concern the new Air Ambulance service that Akbar Group of Companies is planning to launch. This paper asserts that Akbar Group should go ahead with the launch of the new service at the proposed price US$ 750 monthly membership and an hourly rate of usage of US$2500. The paper will attempt to justify the pricing strategy and discuss the mix of promotion tools that they should make use of. Overview The Akbar Group has a diverse group of companies with their operations being divided into two major categories: the aviation division and the commercial division. They started operations in Pakistan in 2005 with Princely Jets (Pvt. ) Limited with their first private charter jet services. They offered private jet services on an adhoc as well as on a scheduled flight basis with an objective of making the private jet charter experience simple, comfortable, enjoyable and unique. They launched in Karachi and later on expanded their services to Islamabad in 2006. By 2008 they had a fleet of 6 aircrafts. They had an average growth rate of 15% and a return on investment of 3%. Their aviation division also included being the General Sales Agents for twelve international airlines; they were representatives of Amadeus; and they offered travel agency services under the name Princely Travels and Citilink. Their commercial division included allied businesses such as the distribution of Nike and United Parcel Services (UPS). They also had exclusive distribution of travel insurance for the American Insurance Group. Akbar Group also introduced many global businesses in Pakistan such as McDonalds, The Princeton Review and LMVH Watches and Jewelry. Market Situation and Competitive Scenario Pakistan suffers from a host of problems such as political and social unrest. The rate of political protests, traffic accidents, criminal assaults and terrorist attacks has increased significantly. There is a constant need for transportation of victims for emergency needs. There have been many instances where the patient never makes it to the medical facility in time because of traffic jams. There are a sufficient number of medical rescue teams that provide ambulance services such as Askari Aviation, Edhi Foundation and Chhipa Ambulances, but none that provided specialized air ambulance services. The Akbar Group identified this gap in the market and decided to offer an Air Ambulance service to cater to this unmet need. It was easy for them to cater to this need as it would be a natural extension of their aviation services that they provided through Princely Jets. They had an existing clientele from their Princely Jet services who they could target for the same specialized air ambulance services. Segmentation and Target Market The Akbar Group chose to segment the market using two techniques: Psychographic and Demographic. Psychographic: They wanted to target affluent customers who would be â€Å"willing to provide insurance for this value added medical facility not only for their personal use but also for the use of company employees†. Demographic: The target market identified for the air ambulance service included corporate entities such as multinational and large national companies, banks, embassies, governmental agencies and some high net worth individuals. Marketing Mix Product/ Service The Akbar Group proposed the following with their Air Ambulance Services: * Transportation of physicians and specialists to remote areas * Inter-hospital transfer of patients requiring specialist’s treatment and immediate attention * Quick transportation of blood and human vital organs * Medical and other assistance to companies and organizations in remote areas of the country. They wished to start off their operations with a pilot project in Karachi and later on proceed to other parts of the country. In the Karachi region they planned to provide their services within a radius of 125 nautical miles (225 land miles). The justification behind this radius was that they wanted to transport the patient to the nearest medical facility within a maximum of 90 minutes. They planned to offer air ambulance services with two fully equipment helicopters with multiple seating and at least two patient beds. They would have on board a fully trained paramedic team including a doctor, state-of-the-art medical equipment, life saving and emergency medicines, oxygen and blood transfusion capabilities. The air ambulance aimed to offer a smooth transition of the patient from the helicopter to the emergency room. Financially Viability As seen from the expected revenue above, after the first year this project will generate a profit stream which will make this a viable project. The Air Ambulance project is suitable for a country like Pakistan where one sees in Exhibit 9A and Exhibit 9B that there is a high requirement for such services. To support this one should also look at Exhibit 12 to see the number of people that are in need of such services and have no other alternative. Pricing The two pronged strategy that is being offered by Mr. Ghouse is feasible since targeted market segment pays little importance to prices. They consider the value of the services. Therefore, as they are willing to pay these prices for business purposes; then they will be more than willing to pay for medical services. The prices suggested will be divided into 3 categories for three different customer divisions as the following: Corporate customer- These are the companies mentioned in Exhibit 3. They will be offered a yearly package that will contain 37 hours that they can use at any hour. It can be used by any member of the corporation with the approval of HR. * Private Customer- These will be those individuals who are operating private companies that have steady cash flow. They will be familiar with Princely Jets (PVT) LTD. services; hence it will be relatively easy to convince them to utilize The Air Ambulance services for themselves. * Hospitals- A yearly contract will be signed with hospitals as mentioned in Exhibit 11B; this will provide an additional service which can be provided by leading medical institutions, which will have customers who are willing to avail on a one off basis. The cost that is charged by the hospital will be left to its discretion. Pricing Method The pricing strategy will differ from segment to segment. The private customer will be charged a slightly higher price as he will be less likely to require services on a regular basis. Whereas corporate customers and hospitals will be charged a slightly lower price since they will be purchasing bulk services and are more likely to want greater flight hours. Therefore, higher revenue can be generated from these institutes through variable costs. The above methodology is simply a proposal. However, this project is definitely viable. If we consider the pricing that Princely Jets is exploring; the following comes to mind: Premium Pricing Princely Jets is going to be fulfilling the needs of a niche market. As stated earlier, pricing is not an influencing factor in the decision to purchase. For these high profile consumers, the ambience, the service environment and the quality will be perceived as of worth. It is about how vital the customer is made to feel during the entire journey. It is the flexibility offered, the uniqueness in treatment and of course, the fact that each flight is personalized for the client. They will be willing to pay for a superior air solution over others which are designed to give greater benefits. It is these intangibles that justify the premium pricing strategy. Also as it is the pioneer in its category, it can enjoy the benefit of being a price setter in the industry. Specialized Service Air ambulance services have high operational costs. The specialized nature of these air rescue services limits the ability to compete on the basis of cost. Therefore, marketing is directed towards high net individuals, corporations and governmental agencies that prefer other factors. Customized Air Solution Princely Jets is going to fabricate each flight with accordance to the needs of the client. From the point of destination to the point of food being catered; every small aspect will be planned in order to serve the punter in question. Heritage Akbar Group of Companies is bringing this premium service in and has over 100 years of experience in the aviation industry. This facet can be utilized to position Princely Jets air ambulance services in the consumer’s mind and be used to build brand equity. Placement Princely Jets launched from Karachi in 2005 and had expanded to Islamabad by 2006. It designed a 4000 square yard hangar with a high tech maintenance workshop for supportive services. Also to add benefits and value to their service, Princely Jets had its own airport lounge in Karachi. It was dedicated to Princely Jets customers. Promotion Viral Marketing This strategy played well for the luxurious travel Princely Jets offered. It appeared to be promising for air ambulance services as well. Within the narrowed boundaries of this niche market, if the trend of air ambulance services spreads like wildfire, targeted customers will be drawn into its usage. Word of mouth Word of mouth communication remains to be the most effective and popular marketing tool. As it is recommended from person to person, a level of trust is involved. That by itself will build to service credibility and reliance. Relationship marketing Given the infrequent nature of this service, Princely Jets will have to be persistent in building and sustain its clientele. It should focus on the longevity of end user relationships and continue to remain in touch with them. They will likely own personal, intricate consumer information such as birthdays, anniversaries etc and can perform diminutive gestures such as sending a birthday card across to remind the consumer that Princely Jets remembers them and is thinking of them. That will add to value in terms of positioning in the customer’s mind. Direct Marketing This may prove to be a successful strategy for the air ambulance sector. Sending brochures, flyers, personalized posters to the consumers would build a personal connection. An even better alternative is to send customized letters to them on a monthly or biweekly basis to build brand recall and to make Princely Jets the preferred carrier. Another way to differentiate itself is to offer to show the helicopter to exclusive clientele. These strategies are recommended to Mr. Ghouse as they will prove to be the most effectual and valuable. However, an aggressive online marketing campaign to compliment the above tactics will be better. Mr. Ghouse should draw up an integrated marketing communication plan that has the consistent message of safety, security and comfort and is conveyed accurately.

American history

Grant. Discuss the objectives of each. Which plan was better for the Union and why?Before a comparison can be made of the policies of Andrew Johnson (President of the United States 1865-1869) and Ulysses S. Grant (President of the United States 1869-1877), the whole theory of Reconstruction has to be understood. The Civil War or sometimes referred to as the War Between the States happened between 1861 through 1865. It was the result of a long time brewing issue of slavery in the Southern States. Abolitionists of slavery and advocates of every human’s right to personal freedom were a strong political voice within the northern part of the Union while most of the southern states accepted slavery as a personal right. The North was more of an industrial area with many of its citizens being of a more conservative religious nature. The North did have a firm agricultural aspect as well but these farms where family owned with hired labor to work them. Indentured servants from the original colonial days no longer existed but within the fertile crop lands of the southern states, plantations of great size were prospering in the growth of cotton and sugar cane. With slave labor, the owners of these plantations amassed great wealth in comparison to their farmer counterparts in the north. Under pressure from these political groups, the federal government began to make efforts towards emancipation of the slaves and in protest, most of the southern states ceded to form a separate country of the Confederate States of America. A rift had formed within the country and war began. After four years of a long and bloody dispute, the war finally ended in 1865 with the surrender of the Confederates. The Confederate government was abolished and the whole country formed once again as the United States of America under the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Reconstruction began under Lincoln but due to his assignation, he did not live to follow his reconstruction plans. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s vice president during Lincoln’s second term, automatically became the new president after Lincoln’s death. Mr. Johnson attempted to continue on with Lincoln’s policies concerning reconstruction. Lincoln had attempted to practice that though the southern states should be placed under military rule, it would be eventually be to return those states to their own governmental rule. If one tenth of the state population were willing to swear to an oath of loyalty to the Union, then that state was more likely to be removed from military government rule. In natural reaction, the once rebellious southern states objected to the state of being dictated to by the federal government in how their state should be run. The whole process was met with constant strife and disgruntlement from every side of politics. No satisfactory medium ground could be found. Most of the blame for this conflict was laid at the feet of Andrew Johnson, who as President was held the most responsible. This and other factors led to Andrew Johnson’s impeachment, including Johnson’s placement of Lorenzo Thomas as Secretary of the Department of War after having removed Edwin M. Stanton. This was all done without the approval or consent of the Senate. Johnson was charged with a high misdemeanor and his privileges of Office were removed as President. Ulysses S. Grant, a powerful figure in politics due to his favorable war credentials, had maintained a neutral attitude about Johnson’s Reconstruction policies during Johnson’s term. He was quoted as being in favor of Johnson’s policies as a continuance of Lincoln’s Reconstruction ideas. After his election as President, Grant took a stronger outlook on the Reconstruction issues. He absolved all military personnel of any charges of misconduct while in place as military government officials within the southern states. He gave them amnesty against any prosecution of acts while acting in capacity of military government. Grant took a dim view on the protests of the southern states’ complaints of military occupation and unfair treatment by the officials of that military occupation. The object was to form a one solid union once again at any price and to quell any possible uprising within the occupied states. While harsh and often unfair, Grant’s stern practices did succeed in ceasing any other attempts of the southern states to cede and order and unity was once again in place. Question Two: What impact did the frontier have on American behavior, attitudes, and institutions? Is the â€Å"frontier thesis† of Fredrick Jackson Turner still viable on today’s historians? With the opening of the western frontier, a whole new range of prospects was brought to the economy of the United States as well of the people who before populated the eastern part of the country and newly arrived immigrants seeking a better life in a different place. The gradual move west happened over a long period of time as the unexplored wilderness contained many dangers and unknown possibilities, both good and bad. It was a long slow process that happened over the first and middle part of the 19th century but by the last decade had arrived; most of it had been settled and civilized. Great new prospects had been introduced into America’s economy. The raw wealth in the forms of gold, silver or other mineral mining, oil, lumber and livestock ranching as well as other agricultural crops, gave the United States almost an unlimited source of products, increasing the country’s independence to provide for itself without so much dependency on foreign sources. The West had known such a boon of prosperity and economic growth that when the turn of the century arrived, there was an over abundance of these products and far less a demand for them than in the days when the West’s contributions to the country had been more in demand. Towns that had grown up overnight had faded away and new modernization of trains and freight shipping had eliminated many key jobs that so many people had known such as the end of the stage coach line and also the Pony Express. The East continued to prosper and develop new conveniences such as the telephone, the telegraph, electricity, automobiles, and the whole country was swept up in a whirlwind of inventive revolution. The Great Unknown just no longer existed as the whole vastness of the country was united by modern technology and sweeping change. It became the age of the machine and the end of the horse and buggy day. Fredrick Jackson Turner’s â€Å"frontier thesis† has broadened the whole concept that the generalized progression of people to move into unknown territory and settle it, leads to advances in all aspects of living from the industries of business to the growth and decline of economy. Foresight is better than hindsight could be said but it is only in hindsight that such historians as Fredrick Jackson Turner can project forecasts for today’s politicians. It could perhaps stop a forward movement such as that period went from prosperity to the Great Depression of the 1930’s. Fredrick J. Turner’s thesis also expounded on the value of deepening and strengthening relationships with neighboring and foreign nations as a broadened frontier. Question Three: Discuss the political, social and economic significance of the year 1876 in American History. This year brought a time of great strife for the United States. It had only been a little over a decade since the end of the Civil War and that poor economic growth in the southern part of the nation had ever lasting effects on the country as a whole. People were still moving west and many of the south were moving north to the cities in hopes of finding work and decent living conditions. This caused an overcrowding in these cities, affecting the normal citizenry as well as the newcomers, both American and still arriving immigrants. It was the end term of Ulysses S. Grant’s terms as President. The year was economically depressed which caused homelessness and unemployment for many Americans. These aspects were in direct contradiction of the people in the less populated western areas who knew a far better income and life. The year also suffered from a series of disasters from former years that has caused a great financial strain on the nation’s economy such as the Great Fire of Chicago in 1871 that had virtually left thousands homeless. There had been earthquakes and floods. Relief agencies were set up to bring relief to many of the indigent of those times but not all the money donated to at least thirty charities found its way to the intended purpose. There was rampant political misconduct. The year of 1876 is also known as the year of the tramp. Men who traveled from place to place working odd jobs or just simply squatting in places in groups causing disgruntlement and fear among the established citizens. The tramps were the by-products of the increasing number of homeless people. It became an even stronger distinction of class from the poor to the rich. More people were in poverty in comparison to the numbers who either wealthy or had a sufficient income to live a decent life. Homelessness breeds hopelessness and crime. Hobos were tramps that rode the railroads from place to place. The introduction of the railroad into American transportation was only increased by its use during the Civil War by transporting soldiers and equipment from place to place. Many of the hobos were ex-soldiers who had only gained a poorer way of life by fighting for their country instead of reaping rewards for their service by having a more evenly distributed prosperity. Such social and economic variances can only lead to a more volatile type of politics. During Grant’s term, the Democrat party had remained extremely weakened by the Civil War where the controlling party had remained Republican for a number of years. By 1876, the Democratic Party had finally begun to return to some power but there remained the strife that most of America’s politicians were Republican and more conservative and class aware. The rich grew richer and the poor grew poorer. Question Four: Compare the role of the political machines and the social reformers in dealing with the new urban environment of the late 19th Century. Which group was more successful and why? As it has been stated so many times, the 19th Century was a time of phenomenal change that far surpassed its preceding centuries. In those short one hundred years, there happened such a mass of innovative invention, mass population movement and radical social change than had ever been seen before. Accepted standards were challenged, religious statues questioned and political change that must incur with these actions. The questions of race, gender and creed became predominately evident in the American population that was more far spread than ever before and the country had amassed great growth in its size. Military force became a predominant figure in American politics since its said effective use after the Civil War. The federal government used its military forces as police basically after that period. Along with governing and maintaining the southern states during the years of the Reconstruction period, the American government now employed its Army to keep peace and jurisdiction among the remaining bands of Native American tribes in the west. Federal marshals held precedence over the local town and state marshals so the once wild frontier became more lawful and peaceful. At the end of Grant’s term in 1877, Rutherford Hayes became the President of the United States. He was also Republican and the highest seat in the country would remain in the control of the Republican Party until the election of Grover Cleveland in 1885. He was a Democrat and was set to bring about radical political change. He became the President of the common man but he also made strong enemies among certain powerful politicians in the Republican controlled Senate. Cleveland discovered a large monetary amount in the national treasury that had its basis in former Civil War tariffs and was termed as â€Å"pork barrel legislation†. He lowered the tariffs and vetoed laws that would have kept the tariffs and other such practices in force. He earned a high popularity among the agricultural groups and the less wealthy average American man on his income. His one term as President greatly aided the common man but his opponents in the political arena caused his loss to Benjamin Harrison in 1889. He re-ran in the following term and was re-elected President in 1893. His popularity was strong among the people of the spreading urban society of the United States. The time of the separation of Church and State had arrived. Women’s Suffrage had arisen on the horizon and would create a huge reform in American life and politics. The female citizens of the country had begun to demand their rights as individuals, especially the right to vote. What had been predominately a man’s world would soon be toppled over as American women brought their weight to bear upon every aspect of daily life. Along with Women’s Suffrage, came the feminine viewpoint of social reform to include religion more into politics and also led towards the prohibition of liquor. Perhaps a bit more predominant within the larger cities, the Suffrage movement caused more change within the expanded realm of the American population living. The political machines had a more direct bearing on the urban environment that the social reformers simply because the politics had a stronger foothold among the male population and it would take time for the new social reform to take effect. Question Five: Discuss the differences between the Populists and the Progressives as third parties in American politics. Include an analysis of their party platform, candidates and supporters. Both the Populist and La Follette Progressive parties were right wing. They were short lived political parties that did not survive the transitional growth of American politics. When George Washington was elected as President of the United States, there were no party affiliations. At the beginning, there was the Federalist Party and the Whig party and Anti-Federalist Party. The Federalist Party survived longer than either other party but within time several parties by other names would come into formation and as well disappear because their party platforms were too narrow and one sided to survive. The Populist Party would eventually move into becoming the Democratic Party with the election of Andrew Jackson as President. It began as the Democratic Republican Party, which because of its basic populist mandate, eventually became what we know today as the Democratic Party. The original Populist Party maintained too much of a radical, one-sided view. It had come down to an issue between the agricultural groups and the unionists. Due to falling land prices, crop prices, and heavy taxes, the western farmers felt themselves unrepresented in government. The unionists meanwhile were better organized and compact groups that differed greatly from the farming community. It was industrial against agricultural. Each newly formed party had its own interest in mind and chose candidates in accordance with those interests. There was no common benefit among the population as whole within these right wing parties. The Populist Party leaned closer to the farmers and sought to have a candidate elected that would represent them in Washington and relieve their growing pile of grievances. It connected eventually with the Greenback party but eventually took the form of the Democratic Party under the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The La Follette Progressive Party differed in its industrial pursuit as the Populist was agricultural. The Labor party turned to nominating candidates that would further their cause. The unionists cared little about the declining income plight of the farmers and by its very organized nature; the Labor party was eventually absorbed into what is now the Republican Party. Since each political party must differ in order to achieve a decent balance in politics, it is to the best advantage of election process to have two such agendas. There has been within the course of American history the emergence of third parties, even in today’s society with the Independent ticket. Though history has proved that very seldom is a candidate of a third party ever been elected to actually hold a political office. Works Cited/Reference Page: 1.   Andrew Johnson, A Study In Courage by Lloyd Paul Striker, Macmillan, 1929 2. Ulysses S. Grant: Politician by William B. Hesseltine, Dodd, Mead, 1935 3. Halford Mackinder and the ‘Geographical Pivot of History’: A Centennial Retrospective, Journal article by Klaus Dodds, James D. Sidaway; the Geographical Journal, Vol. 174, 2004 4. Down and Out, on the Road, the Homeless In American History by Kevin L. Kusmer, Oxford University Press, 2002 5.Political Mischief: Smear, Sabotage, and Reform In U.S. Elections by Bruce L. Felknor; Praeger Publications, 1992 American History American History American History American History American History American history Grant. Discuss the objectives of each. Which plan was better for the Union and why?Before a comparison can be made of the policies of Andrew Johnson (President of the United States 1865-1869) and Ulysses S. Grant (President of the United States 1869-1877), the whole theory of Reconstruction has to be understood. The Civil War or sometimes referred to as the War Between the States happened between 1861 through 1865. It was the result of a long time brewing issue of slavery in the Southern States. Abolitionists of slavery and advocates of every human’s right to personal freedom were a strong political voice within the northern part of the Union while most of the southern states accepted slavery as a personal right. The North was more of an industrial area with many of its citizens being of a more conservative religious nature. The North did have a firm agricultural aspect as well but these farms where family owned with hired labor to work them. Indentured servants from the original colonial days no longer existed but within the fertile crop lands of the southern states, plantations of great size were prospering in the growth of cotton and sugar cane. With slave labor, the owners of these plantations amassed great wealth in comparison to their farmer counterparts in the north. Under pressure from these political groups, the federal government began to make efforts towards emancipation of the slaves and in protest, most of the southern states ceded to form a separate country of the Confederate States of America. A rift had formed within the country and war began. After four years of a long and bloody dispute, the war finally ended in 1865 with the surrender of the Confederates. The Confederate government was abolished and the whole country formed once again as the United States of America under the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Reconstruction began under Lincoln but due to his assignation, he did not live to follow his reconstruction plans. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln’s vice president during Lincoln’s second term, automatically became the new president after Lincoln’s death. Mr. Johnson attempted to continue on with Lincoln’s policies concerning reconstruction. Lincoln had attempted to practice that though the southern states should be placed under military rule, it would be eventually be to return those states to their own governmental rule. If one tenth of the state population were willing to swear to an oath of loyalty to the Union, then that state was more likely to be removed from military government rule. In natural reaction, the once rebellious southern states objected to the state of being dictated to by the federal government in how their state should be run. The whole process was met with constant strife and disgruntlement from every side of politics. No satisfactory medium ground could be found. Most of the blame for this conflict was laid at the feet of Andrew Johnson, who as President was held the most responsible. This and other factors led to Andrew Johnson’s impeachment, including Johnson’s placement of Lorenzo Thomas as Secretary of the Department of War after having removed Edwin M. Stanton. This was all done without the approval or consent of the Senate. Johnson was charged with a high misdemeanor and his privileges of Office were removed as President. Ulysses S. Grant, a powerful figure in politics due to his favorable war credentials, had maintained a neutral attitude about Johnson’s Reconstruction policies during Johnson’s term. He was quoted as being in favor of Johnson’s policies as a continuance of Lincoln’s Reconstruction ideas. After his election as President, Grant took a stronger outlook on the Reconstruction issues. He absolved all military personnel of any charges of misconduct while in place as military government officials within the southern states. He gave them amnesty against any prosecution of acts while acting in capacity of military government. Grant took a dim view on the protests of the southern states’ complaints of military occupation and unfair treatment by the officials of that military occupation. The object was to form a one solid union once again at any price and to quell any possible uprising within the occupied states. While harsh and often unfair, Grant’s stern practices did succeed in ceasing any other attempts of the southern states to cede and order and unity was once again in place. Question Two: What impact did the frontier have on American behavior, attitudes, and institutions? Is the â€Å"frontier thesis† of Fredrick Jackson Turner still viable on today’s historians? With the opening of the western frontier, a whole new range of prospects was brought to the economy of the United States as well of the people who before populated the eastern part of the country and newly arrived immigrants seeking a better life in a different place. The gradual move west happened over a long period of time as the unexplored wilderness contained many dangers and unknown possibilities, both good and bad. It was a long slow process that happened over the first and middle part of the 19th century but by the last decade had arrived; most of it had been settled and civilized. Great new prospects had been introduced into America’s economy. The raw wealth in the forms of gold, silver or other mineral mining, oil, lumber and livestock ranching as well as other agricultural crops, gave the United States almost an unlimited source of products, increasing the country’s independence to provide for itself without so much dependency on foreign sources. The West had known such a boon of prosperity and economic growth that when the turn of the century arrived, there was an over abundance of these products and far less a demand for them than in the days when the West’s contributions to the country had been more in demand. Towns that had grown up overnight had faded away and new modernization of trains and freight shipping had eliminated many key jobs that so many people had known such as the end of the stage coach line and also the Pony Express. The East continued to prosper and develop new conveniences such as the telephone, the telegraph, electricity, automobiles, and the whole country was swept up in a whirlwind of inventive revolution. The Great Unknown just no longer existed as the whole vastness of the country was united by modern technology and sweeping change. It became the age of the machine and the end of the horse and buggy day. Fredrick Jackson Turner’s â€Å"frontier thesis† has broadened the whole concept that the generalized progression of people to move into unknown territory and settle it, leads to advances in all aspects of living from the industries of business to the growth and decline of economy. Foresight is better than hindsight could be said but it is only in hindsight that such historians as Fredrick Jackson Turner can project forecasts for today’s politicians. It could perhaps stop a forward movement such as that period went from prosperity to the Great Depression of the 1930’s. Fredrick J. Turner’s thesis also expounded on the value of deepening and strengthening relationships with neighboring and foreign nations as a broadened frontier. Question Three: Discuss the political, social and economic significance of the year 1876 in American History. This year brought a time of great strife for the United States. It had only been a little over a decade since the end of the Civil War and that poor economic growth in the southern part of the nation had ever lasting effects on the country as a whole. People were still moving west and many of the south were moving north to the cities in hopes of finding work and decent living conditions. This caused an overcrowding in these cities, affecting the normal citizenry as well as the newcomers, both American and still arriving immigrants. It was the end term of Ulysses S. Grant’s terms as President. The year was economically depressed which caused homelessness and unemployment for many Americans. These aspects were in direct contradiction of the people in the less populated western areas who knew a far better income and life. The year also suffered from a series of disasters from former years that has caused a great financial strain on the nation’s economy such as the Great Fire of Chicago in 1871 that had virtually left thousands homeless. There had been earthquakes and floods. Relief agencies were set up to bring relief to many of the indigent of those times but not all the money donated to at least thirty charities found its way to the intended purpose. There was rampant political misconduct. The year of 1876 is also known as the year of the tramp. Men who traveled from place to place working odd jobs or just simply squatting in places in groups causing disgruntlement and fear among the established citizens. The tramps were the by-products of the increasing number of homeless people. It became an even stronger distinction of class from the poor to the rich. More people were in poverty in comparison to the numbers who either wealthy or had a sufficient income to live a decent life. Homelessness breeds hopelessness and crime. Hobos were tramps that rode the railroads from place to place. The introduction of the railroad into American transportation was only increased by its use during the Civil War by transporting soldiers and equipment from place to place. Many of the hobos were ex-soldiers who had only gained a poorer way of life by fighting for their country instead of reaping rewards for their service by having a more evenly distributed prosperity. Such social and economic variances can only lead to a more volatile type of politics. During Grant’s term, the Democrat party had remained extremely weakened by the Civil War where the controlling party had remained Republican for a number of years. By 1876, the Democratic Party had finally begun to return to some power but there remained the strife that most of America’s politicians were Republican and more conservative and class aware. The rich grew richer and the poor grew poorer. Question Four: Compare the role of the political machines and the social reformers in dealing with the new urban environment of the late 19th Century. Which group was more successful and why? As it has been stated so many times, the 19th Century was a time of phenomenal change that far surpassed its preceding centuries. In those short one hundred years, there happened such a mass of innovative invention, mass population movement and radical social change than had ever been seen before. Accepted standards were challenged, religious statues questioned and political change that must incur with these actions. The questions of race, gender and creed became predominately evident in the American population that was more far spread than ever before and the country had amassed great growth in its size. Military force became a predominant figure in American politics since its said effective use after the Civil War. The federal government used its military forces as police basically after that period. Along with governing and maintaining the southern states during the years of the Reconstruction period, the American government now employed its Army to keep peace and jurisdiction among the remaining bands of Native American tribes in the west. Federal marshals held precedence over the local town and state marshals so the once wild frontier became more lawful and peaceful. At the end of Grant’s term in 1877, Rutherford Hayes became the President of the United States. He was also Republican and the highest seat in the country would remain in the control of the Republican Party until the election of Grover Cleveland in 1885. He was a Democrat and was set to bring about radical political change. He became the President of the common man but he also made strong enemies among certain powerful politicians in the Republican controlled Senate. Cleveland discovered a large monetary amount in the national treasury that had its basis in former Civil War tariffs and was termed as â€Å"pork barrel legislation†. He lowered the tariffs and vetoed laws that would have kept the tariffs and other such practices in force. He earned a high popularity among the agricultural groups and the less wealthy average American man on his income. His one term as President greatly aided the common man but his opponents in the political arena caused his loss to Benjamin Harrison in 1889. He re-ran in the following term and was re-elected President in 1893. His popularity was strong among the people of the spreading urban society of the United States. The time of the separation of Church and State had arrived. Women’s Suffrage had arisen on the horizon and would create a huge reform in American life and politics. The female citizens of the country had begun to demand their rights as individuals, especially the right to vote. What had been predominately a man’s world would soon be toppled over as American women brought their weight to bear upon every aspect of daily life. Along with Women’s Suffrage, came the feminine viewpoint of social reform to include religion more into politics and also led towards the prohibition of liquor. Perhaps a bit more predominant within the larger cities, the Suffrage movement caused more change within the expanded realm of the American population living. The political machines had a more direct bearing on the urban environment that the social reformers simply because the politics had a stronger foothold among the male population and it would take time for the new social reform to take effect. Question Five: Discuss the differences between the Populists and the Progressives as third parties in American politics. Include an analysis of their party platform, candidates and supporters. Both the Populist and La Follette Progressive parties were right wing. They were short lived political parties that did not survive the transitional growth of American politics. When George Washington was elected as President of the United States, there were no party affiliations. At the beginning, there was the Federalist Party and the Whig party and Anti-Federalist Party. The Federalist Party survived longer than either other party but within time several parties by other names would come into formation and as well disappear because their party platforms were too narrow and one sided to survive. The Populist Party would eventually move into becoming the Democratic Party with the election of Andrew Jackson as President. It began as the Democratic Republican Party, which because of its basic populist mandate, eventually became what we know today as the Democratic Party. The original Populist Party maintained too much of a radical, one-sided view. It had come down to an issue between the agricultural groups and the unionists. Due to falling land prices, crop prices, and heavy taxes, the western farmers felt themselves unrepresented in government. The unionists meanwhile were better organized and compact groups that differed greatly from the farming community. It was industrial against agricultural. Each newly formed party had its own interest in mind and chose candidates in accordance with those interests. There was no common benefit among the population as whole within these right wing parties. The Populist Party leaned closer to the farmers and sought to have a candidate elected that would represent them in Washington and relieve their growing pile of grievances. It connected eventually with the Greenback party but eventually took the form of the Democratic Party under the presidency of Andrew Jackson. The La Follette Progressive Party differed in its industrial pursuit as the Populist was agricultural. The Labor party turned to nominating candidates that would further their cause. The unionists cared little about the declining income plight of the farmers and by its very organized nature; the Labor party was eventually absorbed into what is now the Republican Party. Since each political party must differ in order to achieve a decent balance in politics, it is to the best advantage of election process to have two such agendas. There has been within the course of American history the emergence of third parties, even in today’s society with the Independent ticket. Though history has proved that very seldom is a candidate of a third party ever been elected to actually hold a political office. Works Cited/Reference Page: 1.   Andrew Johnson, A Study In Courage by Lloyd Paul Striker, Macmillan, 1929 2. Ulysses S. Grant: Politician by William B. Hesseltine, Dodd, Mead, 1935 3. Halford Mackinder and the ‘Geographical Pivot of History’: A Centennial Retrospective, Journal article by Klaus Dodds, James D. Sidaway; the Geographical Journal, Vol. 174, 2004 4. Down and Out, on the Road, the Homeless In American History by Kevin L. Kusmer, Oxford University Press, 2002 5.Political Mischief: Smear, Sabotage, and Reform In U.S. Elections by Bruce L. Felknor; Praeger Publications, 1992 American History American History American History American history American History American History American history